アダム・スミス『道徳感情論』（38）不名誉（disgrace）

The agony of his mind may, in this case, frequently be greater than that of those who suffer for the like crimes, of which they have been actually guilty. Profligate criminals, such as common thieves and highwaymen, have frequently little sense of the baseness of their own conduct, and consequently no remorse. Without troubling themselves about the justice or injustice of the punishment, they have always been accustomed to look upon the gibbet as a lot very likely to fall to them. When it does fall to them, therefore, they consider themselves only as not quite so lucky as some of their companions, and submit to their fortune, without any other uneasiness than what may arise from the fear of death; a fear which, even by such worthless wretches, we frequently see, can be so easily, and so very completely conquered. – Adam Smith, The Theory of moral sentiments： 3.1.2. Chap. II

《この場合、彼の心の苦しみは、実際に犯したのと同様の罪で苦しむ人々よりも大きいことが多いかもしれない。こそ泥（どろ）や追剥（おいはぎ）のような放蕩（ほうとう）な犯罪者は、自分の行いの卑しさをほとんど自覚していないことがしばしばであるから、良心の呵責（かしゃく）もない。刑罰の正義や不正義について気に病むことなく、彼らは、絞首台は自分に降りかかる可能性が非常に高いものと考えることにずっと慣れてしまっている。それゆえ、実際自分の身に降りかかったとしても、一部の仲間ほど運が良くなかったとしか思わず、死の恐怖から、このような無価値で惨めな卑劣漢でさえ、簡単かつ完全に克服できるのをしばしば目にする恐怖から生じるであろうもの以外に、何の不安も抱くことなく、運命に身を任せるのである》― アダム・スミス『道徳感情論』第3部：第２章

The innocent man, on the contrary, over and above the uneasiness which this fear may occasion, is tormented by his own indignation at the injustice which has been done to him. He is struck with horror at the thoughts of the infamy which the punishment may shed upon his memory, and foresees, with the most exquisite anguish, that he is hereafter to be remembered by his dearest friends and relations, not with regret and affection, but with shame, and even with horror for his supposed disgraceful conduct: and the shades of death appear to close round him with a darker and more melancholy gloom than naturally belongs to them. Such fatal accidents, for the tranquillity of mankind, it is to be hoped, happen very rarely in any country; but they happen sometimes in all countries, even in those where justice is in general very well administered. – Ibid.

《それとは反対に、罪無き人は、この恐怖が齎（もたら）す不安以上に、自分が受けた不当な仕打ちに対する憤（いきどお）りに苛（さいな）まれる。彼は、その罰によって彼の記憶には恥辱が刻まれることになるかもしれないと思って恐怖に襲われ、最も激しい苦悩と共に、自分がこれから先、最愛なる友人や親類から、後悔や愛情ではなく、自分の不名誉な行為と想定されるものに対する汚名、さらには恐怖と共に記憶されることを予見し、死の影が、本来あるべき姿よりも暗く憂いに沈んだ面持ちで彼を取り囲んでいるかのように見えるのである。このような致命的な事故は、人類の平穏のためには、どの国でもめったに起こらないことが望まれるが、すべての国、司法が概して非常によく管理されている国でさえ、時として起こることなのである》― 同

The unfortunate Calas, a man of much more than ordinary constancy (broke upon the wheel and burnt at Tholouse for the supposed murder of his own son, of which he was perfectly innocent), seemed, with his last breath, to deprecate, not so much the cruelty of the punishment, as the disgrace which the imputation might bring upon his memory. After he had been broke, and was just going to be thrown into the fire, the monk, who attended the execution, exhorted him to confess the crime for which he had been condemned. My Father, said Calas, can you yourself bring yourself to believe that I am guilty? – Ibid.

《不運なカラスは、人並み以上に志操堅固な人物であったが、自分の息子を殺害したとされる罪により、ソルーズで車裂きにされ焼かれたが、まったくの無実であった。彼は、息を引き取る間際に、罰の残酷さよりも、その非難が自分の記憶に齎すかもしれない不名誉を恐れているようだった。彼が引き裂かれ、火中に投げ込まれようとしたまさにそのとき、処刑に立ち会った修道士が、彼が申し渡された罪を認めるよう彼に強く勧めた。カラスは言った、「神父様は、私が罪を犯したとお思いなのですか」》― 同