名著探究

In that general territory itself, as in the old name of Provinces, the citizens are interested from old prejudices and unreasoned habits, and not on account of the geometric properties of its figure. The power and preëminence of Paris does certainly press down and hold these republics together as long as it lasts: but, for the reasons I have already given you, I think it can not last very long. （古い地名のように、領土それ自体全体に、国民は、図形の幾何学的特性からではなく古い先入見や不合理な習慣から、関心を持っているのです。パリの権力と卓越は実際、確かにそれが続く限り、これらの共和国を抑え付け繋ぎ止めますが、私がすでにお話した理由から、それはあまり長続きしないと思います）― cf. 半澤訳、 pp. 249f 　「先入見」は、郷土と人を精神的に関連付け、結び付ける「絆」であり、「紐帯」（ちゅうたい）である。先入見なしに、郷土を愛する心も生まれない。 《外部からのあらゆる影響力のうち、もっとも微妙で、しかももっとも広範に浸透してくる力は、ステレオタイプのレパートリーをつくり、それを維持するような力である。われわれは自分で見るより前に外界について教えられる。経験する前にほとんどの物事を想像する。そして教育によってはっきりと自覚させられないかぎり、こうしてできた先入観が知覚の全過程を深く支配する。 そうした先入観は、対象となる物事をなじみのものとか、知らないものとかいうように分類する。その差が誇張されるので、ちょっとでも知っていればひじょうになじみ深いものと考えられ、どこか知らないところがあればまったく異なるものと見られることになる。そうした先入観はちょっとした記号によって呼びさまされる。記号といっても、ほんとうにそのものを示すものから、ぼんやりと似ているだけというも...

The truly melancholy part of the policy of systematically making a nation of gamesters is this, —that, though all are forced to play, few can understand the game, and fewer still are in a condition to avail themselves of that knowledge. The many must be the dupes of the few who conduct the machine of these speculations. What effect it must have on the country-people is visible. （計画的に博打打の国民を作るという政策について真に嘆かわしい部分は、みんなが賭けざるを得ないにもかかわらず、その賭けを理解できる人は殆どおらず、その知識を利用できる状態の人はさらに少ないということです。多くの人が、このような投機という機械を動かしている少数の人の鴨（かも）にならざるを得ない。それが田舎人にどのような影響を与えるかは、目に見えています）― cf. 半澤訳、 p. 245 The townsman can calculate from day to day; not so the inhabitant of the country. When the peasant first brings his corn to market, the magistrate in the towns obliges him to take the assignat at par; when he goes to the shop with this money, he finds it seven per cent the worse for crossing the way. This market he will not readily resort to again. The towns-people will be inflamed; they will force the country-people...

Your legislators, in everything new, are the very first who have founded a commonwealth upon gaming, and infused this spirit into it as its vital breath. The great object in these politics is to metamorphose France from a great kingdom into one great play-table, —to turn its inhabitants into a nation of gamesters, —to make speculation as extensive as life, —to mix it with all its concerns, —and to divert the whole of the hopes and fears of the people from their usual channels into the impulses, passions, and superstitions of those who live on chances. （あらゆるものが新しい、貴方方の立法者こそが、賭博の上にコモンウェルスを築き、重要な息吹（いぶき）として、そこへこの精神を最初に吹き込んだのです。これらの政治の大きな目的は、フランスを大きな王国から１つの大きな遊び場に変容させ、住民を博打打（ばくちうち）の民に変え、投機を生活と同じくらい広範囲にし、すべての関心事と混ぜ合わせ、国民の希望と恐怖の全体を、通常の経路から偶然を生きる人々の衝動、情熱、迷信へと逸（そ）らすことです）― cf. 半澤訳、 pp. 243f 　「革命」という空想劇は、実際にやってみないとどうなるかは分からない。詰まり、フランス革命は、フランスを一大賭博場と変えたのである。さらに、この賭博は、失敗に気付くまで続けられる。やってみないと分からない世界が止め処（とめど）なく続くということだ。 They loudly proclaim their opinion, that this their present system of a repu...

They presume, that, if this authority should ever come to the same degree of power that they have acquired, it would make a more moderate and chastised use of it, and would piously tremble entirely to disorganize the state in the savage manner that they have done. They expect from the virtues of returning despotism the security which is to be enjoyed by the offspring of their popular vices. （彼らは、万一この権威が、自分たちが獲得してきたのと同程度の権力になることがあったとしても、それをより控えめに、抑制して使うだろう、そして自分たちが行ったような野蛮な方法で国家を完全に解体することを、敬虔（けいけん）に畏怖（いふ）するだろうと想像します。民衆の悪徳の所産が享受するはずの安全を、復帰する専制政治の美徳に期待するのです）― cf. 半澤訳、 p. 235 　他者に対しては厳しい目を向ける一方、自己に対しては甘い判断を下す、まさに根拠なき希望的観測である。 It is this resolution to break their country into separate republics which has driven them into the greatest number of their difficulties and contradictions. If it were not for this, all the questions of exact equality, and these balances, never to be settled, of individual rights, population, and contribution, would be wholly useless. The representation, thoug...

As the first sort of legislators attended to the different kinds of citizens, and combined them into one commonwealth, the others, the metaphysical and alchemistical legislators, have taken the directly contrary course. They have attempted to confound all sorts of citizens, as well as they could, into one homogeneous mass; and then they divided this their amalgama into a number of incoherent republics. They reduce men to loose counters, merely for the sake of simple telling, and not to figures, whose power is to arise from their place in the table. The elements of their own metaphysics might have taught them better lessons. The troll of their categorical table might have informed them that there was something else in the intellectual world besides substance and quantity. （前者の類（たぐい）の立法者が、様々な毛色（けいろ）の国民に注意を払い、彼らを１つのコモンウェルスに結集させたのに対し、後者、形而上学的および錬金術的立法者たちは、真反対の針路をとりました。彼らは、出来る限りうまく全種の国民を混ぜ合わせ、１つの均質な塊（かたまり）にしようとしました。そして、この彼らの混合体を多数の支離滅裂な共和国に分割したのです。彼らは、人間を、ただ単純に数えるためだけのばらけた算盤（そろばん）玉に引き下げ、...

It was evident that the goodness of the soil, the number of the people, their wealth, and the largeness of their contribution, made such infinite variations between square and square as to render mensuration a ridiculous standard of power in the commonwealth, and equality in geometry the most unequal of all measures in the distribution of men. （土地の良さ、人の数、富、負担金の大きさによって、測定がコモンウェルスの馬鹿げた権力の基準となり、幾何学的な平等が人間の分配におけるすべての尺度の中で最も不平等となるほど正方形と正方形の間に無限の変化が生じることは明らかでした）― cf. 半澤訳、 p. 219 　頭の中ではすべてが平等で丸く収まっても、現実世界では、平等が新たな不平等を生じさせるといったことがしばしば起こる。 The policy of such barbarous victors, who contemn a subdued people, and insult their feelings, has ever been, as much as in them lay, to destroy all vestiges of the ancient country, in religion, in polity, in laws, and in manners; to confound all territorial limits; to produce a general poverty; to put up their properties to auction; to crush their princes, nobles, and pontiffs; to lay low everything which had lifted its head above the level, or which ...

Men who undertake considerable things, even in a regular way, ought to give us ground to presume ability. But the physician of the state, who, not satisfied with the cure of distempers, undertakes to regenerate constitutions, ought to show uncommon powers. Some very unusual appearances of wisdom ought to display themselves on the face of the designs of those who appeal to no practice and who copy after no model. （大事（だいじ）を企てる人は、通常のやり方であっても、能力を推定できる根拠を示すべきです。しかし、病気を治すことに満足せず、国制を生まれ変わらせることを引き受ける国家医師は、卓越した力を示すべきです。慣行に訴えず、如何なる手本も真似ようとしない人たちの設計図には、非常に珍しい知恵の姿が現れるはずです）― cf. 半澤訳、 pp. 216f Old establishments are tried by their effects. If the people are happy, united, wealthy, and powerful, we presume the rest. We conclude that to be good from whence good is derived. In old establishments various correctives have been found for their aberrations from theory. Indeed, they are the results of various necessities and expediences. They are not often constructed after any theory: theories are rat...